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Murmur (also called breathy voice, whispery voice, soughing and susurration) is a phonation in which the vocal cords vibrate, as they do in normal (modal) voicing, but are adjusted so that a larger volume of air escapes, producing a sighing sound. A simple murmured phonation, (not actually a fricative, as a literal reading of the IPA chart would suggest), can sometimes be heard as an allophone of English between vowels, e.g. in the word ''behind'', for some speakers. In the context of the Indo-Aryan languages (e.g. Sanskrit and Hindi) and comparative Indo-European studies, murmured consonants are often called ''voiced aspirated'', as in e.g. the Hindi and Sanskrit stops normally denoted ''bh, dh, ḍh, jh,'' and ''gh'' and the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European phoneme ''gʷh''. From an articulatory perspective this terminology is incorrect, as murmur is a different type of phonation from aspiration. However, murmured and aspirated stops are acoustically similar in that in both cases there is a delay in the onset of full voicing. In the history of several languages (e.g. Greek and some varieties of Chinese), murmured stops have developed into aspirated stops. There is some confusion as to the nature of murmured phonation. The IPA and authors such as Ladefoged equate phonemically contrastive murmur with ''breathy voice'', in which the vocal folds are held with lower tension (and further apart) than in modal voice, with a concomitant increase in airflow and slower vibration of the glottis. In this model, murmur is a point in a continuum of glottal aperture between modal voice and breath phonation (voicelessness). Others, such as Laver, Catford, Trask and the authors of the VoQS, equate murmur with ''whispery voice'', in which the vocal folds (or at least the anterior part of the vocal folds) vibrate as in modal voice, but the arytenoid cartileges are held apart to allow a large turbulent airflow between them. In this model, murmur is a compound phonation of approximately modal voice plus whisper. It is possible that the realization of murmur varies between individuals or languages. The IPA uses the term "breathy voice", while VoQS uses the term "whispery voice". Either will accept the term "murmur", which was popularized by Ladefoged.〔Trask (1996) "breathy voice", "murmur", "whispery voice", in ''A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology''.〕 ==Transcription== A stop with murmured release is transcribed in the IPA as either etc. or etc. Murmured vowels are most often written etc. In the VoQS, the notation } is used for true breathy voice, retaining the terminology of the IPA but changing the use of the diacritic, while } is used for whispery voice, the intent of the IPA diacritic . Thus some authors, such as Laver, suggest the alternative transcription (rather than IPA ) as the correct analysis of Gujarati , though it could be confused with the replacement of modal voicing in voiced segments with whispered phonation, conventionally transcribed with the diacritic .〔Laver (1994) ''Principles of Phonetics'', p. 354〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Murmured voice」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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